Dragonblood flaws in WPA3 impact the very technology that was supposed to make it safer than WPA2.

Last year, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced the launch of the WPA3 WiFi security standard, which was developed to eliminate a number of security problems with WPA2. One of the major defense measures in WPA3 is the Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) handshake, which replaced the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) used in WPA2. Also known as “Dragonfly,” SAE was touted as a way to prevent brute-force offline dictionary attacks and protect past sessions against future password breaches.

However, a new research paper, Dragonblood: A Security Analysis of WPA3’s SAE Handshake by Mathy Vanhoef (who discovered the infamous KRACK vulnerability in WPA2) and Eyal Ronen, reveals that SAE is not as secure as originally thought. The paper outlines a series of vulnerabilities in WPA3 that leave it open to many of the same types of cyberattacks that plagued WPA2. Additionally, the authors take umbrage with what they allege was a lack of transparency on the part of the Wi-Fi Alliance during the development of WPA3.

The Dragonblood vulnerabilities

Dragonblood isn’t one vulnerability but five design flaws that fall into two categories: downgrade attacks against WPA3-capable devices and weaknesses in the WPA SAE/Dragonfly handshake.

• A downgrade and dictionary flaw that exploits the backwards compatibility of WPA3. Attackers can create rogue networks, force WPA3 clients to connect via WPA2, then launch a brute-force or dictionary attack against the partial WPA2 handshake.
• A security group downgrade flaw in the Dragonfly handshake where clients can be forced to choose a weak security group.
• Another flaw in the Dragonfly handshake allows hackers to forge commit frames and launch DDoS attacks.
• A timing-based side channel flaw that allows dictionary attacks on access points that support optional multiplicative security groups modulo a prime (MODP groups).
• A cache-based side channel attack can be launched if a hacker has control of any application on a user’s device, and “may even be possible when the adversary controls JavaScript code in the victim’s browser.” In this attack, hackers can recover password information by observing memory access patterns.

Dragonblood attacks are cheap to deploy; Vanhoef and Ronen point out that a hacker needs less than $125 worth of Amazon EC2 instances to get started.

Dragonblood also affects EAP-pwd

On their website, Vanhoef and Ronen note that the Dragonfly/SAE handshake is also used in the EAP-pwd (Extensible Authentication Protocol), which is supported in the WPA and WPA2 standards. The researchers discovered that the Dragonblood attacks also work against EAP-pwd and found what they called “serious bugs in most products that implement EAP-pwd. These allow an adversary to impersonate any user, and thereby access the Wi-Fi network, without knowing the user’s password.”

The Wi-Fi Alliance is downplaying the research, stating in a press release that the Dragonblood vulnerability exists “in a limited number of early implementations of WPA3™-Personal” and that “the small number of device manufacturers that are affected have already started deploying patches to resolve the issues.”

However, Vanhoef and Ronen expressed concerns over what they alleged was a lack of transparency in the WPA3 development process; the new features of the protocol were not put up for public review before they were released. Additionally, the researchers note, while the Dragonfly handshake “was designed in an open manner, its security guarantees are unclear. On one hand there is a security proof of a close variant of WPA3’s handshake, but on the other hand another close variant of the handshake received significant criticism during its standardization. These issues raise the question whether WPA3 is secure in practice.”

The cyber security experts at Lazarus Alliance have deep knowledge of the cyber security field, are continually monitoring the latest information security threats, and are committed to protecting organizations of all sizes from security breaches. Our full-service risk assessment services and Continuum GRC RegTech software will help protect your organization from data breaches, ransomware attacks, and other cyber threats.

Lazarus Alliance is proactive cyber security®. Call 1-888-896-7580 to discuss your organization’s cyber security needs and find out how we can help your organization adhere to cyber security regulations, maintain compliance, and secure your systems.

Business email compromise attacks are designed to bypass traditional email security measures, such as spam filters.

Last year, the FBI reported that incidents of business email compromise (BEC), also known as spear phishing, CEO fraud, and invoice fraud, had been reported in all 50 states and 150 countries, with global losses exceeding $12 billion. BEC scams are continuing to explode in popularity among cyber criminals, with attacks increasing by 476% between Q4 2017 and Q4 2018, according to research from Proofpoint. Recently, a Lithuanian national pled guilty in U.S. court to his role in a BEC scheme that bilked Facebook and Alphabet out of more than $100 million.

What Is Business Email Compromise?

As opposed to traditional phishing scams, where identical messages are mass-emailed to thousands of recipients, BEC scams involve sending customized emails that target specific employees within a company, usually those who handle wire transfer payments or have access to sensitive information, such as employee payroll data. Before launching an attack, hackers research their targets in great detail, culling information from public sources such as social media networks and official company web properties.

After selecting a victim, hackers send the employee an email impersonating a company executive or business partner. Sometimes, the sender’s email address is spoofed; other times, hackers have obtained the real user’s login credentials and taken over their email account. The BEC email will contain an urgent request for a wire transfer, allegedly to pay a past-due invoice, or sensitive information, such as employee tax withholding forms. In one scheme the IRS issued an official warning about last year, the BEC emails requested both a wire transfer and employee tax data.

The BEC email warns of dire consequences should the recipient not act immediately, such as a delay on a time-sensitive parts shipment or the next round of employee paychecks. BEC emails are designed to look as realistic as possible, and sometimes, hackers will follow up with a phone call to add legitimacy and increase the victim’s sense of urgency. Thinking they’re doing the right thing, the recipient sends the money or data.

Sometimes, victims of BEC don’t realize they’ve been scammed until much later, such as when an impersonated vendor contacts the company about non-payment on a real invoice.

Preventing Business Email Compromise

Because business compromise emails do not contain malicious links or attachments, they usually bypass traditional email security measures, such as spam filters. However, there are technical solutions and non-technical controls companies can implement to help stem the tide, such as:

• Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to protect against account takeovers.
• Use the DMARC email security protocol to protect against domain spoofing.
• Prohibit employees from using personal emails for company business and vice versa.
• Talk to a cybersecurity professional about technical solutions that can identify compromised accounts, as well as solutions that block emails that contain sensitive data from being sent.
• Avoid using a private email server. Most companies don’t have the in-house resources to secure and monitor one.
• Ensure that all employees have appropriate and continuous cybersecurity training, including how to spot BEC scams.
• Require that all sensitive operational procedures, such as making wire transfers or releasing employee payroll data, be authorized by more than one person.

The cyber security experts at Lazarus Alliance have deep knowledge of the cyber security field, are continually monitoring the latest information security threats, and are committed to protecting organizations of all sizes from security breaches. Our full-service risk assessment services and Continuum GRC RegTech software will help protect your organization from data breaches, ransomware attacks, and other cyber threats.

Lazarus Alliance is proactive cyber security®. Call 1-888-896-7580 to discuss your organization’s cyber security needs and find out how we can help your organization adhere to cyber security regulations, maintain compliance, and secure your systems.

Lax Navy cybersecurity has left the Navy and its supply chain “under cyber siege” from Russian and Chinese hackers.

Everyone already knew that Navy cybersecurity had big problems. Last fall, a Wall Street Journal report on Navy cybersecurity revealed that Chinese nation-state hackers had successfully breached a number of third-party Navy contractors over an 18-month period, stealing highly classified information about advanced military technology currently under development, including “secret plans to build a supersonic anti-ship missile planned for use by American submarines.” The hackers had targeted the contractors, the WSJ reported, because they surmised these firms had less robust cybersecurity and would make easy targets.

illustration of cartoon businessman with leaking boat

Shortly after the WSJ published its report, an internal Navy cybersecurity audit was ordered, citing “several significant compromises of classified and sensitive information.” The resulting audit report, which was released last week and first reported on by the Wall Street Journal, portrays a military branch in complete cyber chaos, “in ways few appreciate, fewer understand, and even fewer know what to do about.”

Cybersecurity awareness severely lacking in the Navy

The scathing, 80-page report details many of the same organizational culture stumbling blocks and lack of awareness/education among personnel that stymie cybersecurity at private-sector firms, including:

• Navy cybersecurity is predominantly viewed as “an IT issue and is not integrated across all operations and activities of the organization.”
• Navy leadership “occasionally articulate[s] the importance of cybersecurity, but do[es] not fully understand how to convert their words into action.”
• The Navy’s workforce is “generally uneducated in cybersecurity, largely complacent, and fails to fully embrace ‘a risk to one is a risk to all.’”
• Navy internal bureaucracy is mired in the pre-digital era, is focused on pre-digital threats, and has been reluctant “to shift its focus from ship or platform centric, to information centric, in order to attend to the world of vulnerabilities presented by its adversaries’ capabilities growth and sophistication.”

Navy contractors “under cyber siege” from foreign nationals

The audit did not mince words regarding the significant ongoing threat to Navy cybersecurity posed by its own supply chain, including subcontractors who “are not US owned or domiciled” but who are necessary to the Navy supply chain because they are part of ”key industrial and utility commons ecosystems that are no longer centered or owned in the US, such as advanced composite materials or national telecommunications infrastructures.” These contractors, the audit states, are “under cyber siege” by foreign adversaries, particularly those in Russia and China, and have been for years.

Meanwhile, the Navy “did not anticipate this attack vector,” did not adequately warn its supply chain about possible cybersecurity threats, and has relied on an honor system where contractors self-report vulnerabilities and breaches. This system, the audit states, has “demonstrably failed” and left the Navy and the DoD with no grasp of the true scope of Navy supply chain breaches. Very few cyber incidents are reported, and of those that are, only a small number are “fully investigated.”

In a brief statement, Secretary of the Navy Richard Spencer pledged that “the Department of the Navy Secretariat along with the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps, will coordinate with the Department of Defense and Congress for the resources required to compete and win in the cyber domain.” The Navy also announced that it had ceased publicizing promotions of Navy captains and admirals last fall to prevent top brass from being targeted by hackers.

The cyber security experts at Lazarus Alliance have deep knowledge of the cyber security field, are continually monitoring the latest information security threats, and are committed to protecting organizations of all sizes from security breaches. Our full-service risk assessment services and Continuum GRC RegTech software will help protect your organization from data breaches, ransomware attacks, and other cyber threats.

Lazarus Alliance is proactive cyber security®. Call 1-888-896-7580 to discuss your organization’s cyber security needs and find out how we can help your organization adhere to cyber security regulations, maintain compliance, and secure your systems.